Design optimisation of integrated port energy systems linking electricity, heat and hydrogen

Energy system integration and sector coupling can be important enablers for decarbonisation in ports by improving energy system flexibility and possibilities for further value creation. This study presents a techno-economic optimisation of two Norwegian ports with varying degrees of sector coupling: a large cargo port focusing on increased electrification; and an offshore supply base also focusing on renewable fuel production and utilisation of surplus heat. PV panels and battery storage are considered for both ports. The profitability of PV panels is highly affected by future spot prices for electricity; the biggest investments are 3.2 MWp in the cargo port and 6.6 MWp for the supply base. The optimal battery size is affected by demand variability and capacity tariffs. The installed capacities are up to 1.8 MWh for the cargo port and 4.8 MWh for the supply base. If flexible fuel production is part of the port operation strategy, investment in batteries becomes less attractive. Further, if surplus heat is available from large-scale fuel production, investing in infrastructure for exporting heat to a nearby town can increase the profitability of the port operation. The price of the surplus heat should be below 22.8 to 47.9 €/MWh, depending on the electricity prices.