A comprehensive analysis of the scrapping and abandonment of fiber-reinforced polymer vessels at sea

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), also known as fiberglass, is a widely used composite material in marine, transportation, and construction industries because of its high strength, lightweight properties, and corrosion resistance. While FRPs are advantageous for these applications, the disposal and recycling of FRPs, especially in boats, remain challenging. The global FRP market valued at $3.9 billion USD in 2022. An increasing number of FRP vessels are reaching the end of their lifecycle, amounting to a global total of 250,000 to 500,000 tons of end-of-life vessels each year, contributing to environmental concerns. FRP boats, which have been popular since the 1950s, are often disposed of in landfills, as recycling methods are limited. Abandoned vessels pose hazards to navigation, ecosystems, and human health, releasing pollutants and breaking down into microplastics. Countries are exploring alternatives such as pyrolysis and recycling programs, although progress varies. An extended producer responsibility (EPR) system, which funds boat recycling, is an example of a proactive policy. However, broader efforts are needed to improve the recycling infrastructure and research sustainable materials. Addressing the environmental impact of FRP vessels requires collaborative research, policy development, and innovative solutions such as eco-design and improved recycling methods, especially as the global demand for boats and FRP materials continues to grow.