Two oral verrucous carcinomas in a patient with oral graft vs. host disease- recurrent verrucous carcinoma: a case report.

Patients who undergo allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) frequently experience immunodeficiency, predisposing them to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and viral infection. The oral cavity is a common organ affected by chronic GVHD(cGVHD), which can lead to the development of secondary malignant tumors such as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Verrucous carcinoma is a low-grade variant of SCC with specific morphologic, cytokinetic and clinical features. It is a locally aggressive tumour and does not metastasize to regional lymph nodes or to distant sites. This case report describes a patient with cGVHD following allo-HSCT who developed extensive oral verrucous carcinoma in the oral mucosa. This observation underscores the importance of regular oral examinations for transplant recipients, particularly those with cGVHD, to monitor HPV infection and the potential development of verrucous carcinoma.