Three-Dimensional Transient Analysis of the Drying Process in Biological Materials Using a Shrinkage Modeling Approach: Application to Biocompatible Hydrogels

Drying processes involving biocompatible hydrogels play a crucial role in a wide range of biomedical and food engineering applications. The complex interaction between moisture removal, heat transfer, and structural deformation (shrinkage) requires advanced modeling techniques to accurately predict and optimize drying behavior. This study introduces a three-dimensional (3D) transient finite element method (FEM) model that simulates the coupled heat and mass transfer phenomena alongside mechanical shrinkage behavior of biocompatible hydrogels during convective drying. The model leverages the Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) framework to account for mesh deformation caused by shrinkage, enabling precise tracking of moving boundaries. Material properties, including moisture-dependent thermal conductivity and diffusivity, are integrated into the model, reflecting the dynamic changes occurring during the drying process. Experimental validation was performed using cornstarch alginate hydrogel samples under controlled convective drying conditions, and the simulation results showed strong agreement with experimental data. Overall, this modeling approach serves as a robust tool for designing and optimizing drying operations involving biocompatible hydrogels in both biomedical and food engineering contexts.