Networks of South–South Queer Forced Migration: LGBTQ+ Venezuelans in Northern Brazil During COVID-19

This study examines the effects of the pandemic on the social capital of Venezuelan LGBTQ+ refugees and migrants in northern Brazil. Based on 56 surveys and 28 semi-structured interviews with LGBTQ+ Venezuelan refugees and migrants in Manaus, 10 key informant interviews with politicians, NGOs, and UN staff in Brazil and participant observations in various shelters in northern Brazil, this paper shed light on the unique challenges faced by LGBTQ+ refugees and migrants during the pandemic and emphasize the importance of diverse social networks in providing support. Social capital research suggests that bonding social capital is crucial during crises. However, for respondents who face strained relationships with their families due to cultural and religious disapproval of their sexual orientation or gender identity, bonding ties were not a significant source of support before or during the pandemic. Instead, bridging ties with locals and linking ties with the government played more significant roles.