Lorenzo Lucherini Angeletti, Bianca Ventura, Ferdinando Galassi, Giovanni Castellini, Valdo Ricca, Andrea Scalabrini, Georg Northoff
{"title":"心理治疗中的自我及其主体间共时性：系统回顾","authors":"Lorenzo Lucherini Angeletti, Bianca Ventura, Ferdinando Galassi, Giovanni Castellini, Valdo Ricca, Andrea Scalabrini, Georg Northoff","doi":"10.1002/cpp.70110","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div>\n \n \n <section>\n \n <p>The self is pivotal in psychotherapy, integrating internal (interoexteroceptive) and external (exteroproprioceptive) layers of experience necessary to create an intersubjective space in psychotherapeutic relationship to foster self-reorganization. Patient–therapist intersubjective experience of synchrony seems to be core in better alliance and connectedness, favouring therapeutic progresses. However, the biobehavioural aspects of intersubjective synchrony are often disconnected from the self, leaving gaps in understanding its role in shaping therapy processes and outcomes. Following PRISMA guidelines, 32 studies measuring intersubjective synchrony during psychotherapy sessions were identified, covering interoexteroceptive (<i>n</i> = 11), exteroproprioceptive (<i>n</i> = 18) and interbrain (<i>n</i> = 4) synchrony. Exteroproprioceptive synchrony, particularly nonverbal, was primarily associated with the therapeutic alliance: This was further supported by interbrain studies, whereas interoexteroceptive synchrony was mainly linked to moment-to-moment emotional experience. On the other hand, we found mixed findings on the associations of exteroproprioceptive synchrony with overall therapy outcomes, whereas interoexteroceptive synchrony seemed to be positively associated with session-level outcomes. Moreover, pre-session intra-subjective traits (e.g., patients' well-being and psychopathology, therapists' attachment and expertise) influenced intersubjective synchrony patterns. Finally, we found that degrees of synchrony varied across patients suggesting different experiences of optimal psychotherapeutic relationship. Findings highlighted the layered dynamics of synchrony in psychotherapy. Achieving effective therapeutic engagement involves balancing context-sensitive synchrony at different layers through intersubjective interaction for a self-reorganization of the patients' dynamics. Future research should further explore how distinct layers and dynamics interact both at intrasubjective and intersubjective levels. A spatiotemporally informed emphasis on self-related dynamics can illuminate common therapeutic factors and clarify their role in short- and long-term outcomes.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Summary</h3>\n \n <div>\n \n <ul>\n \n \n <li>The self is a dynamic, multilayered system that underlies coregulation processes within the therapeutic relationship. In this context, intersubjective synchrony reflects the encounter of self-dynamics between patient and therapist, fostering alliance and emotional resonance.</li>\n \n \n <li>Physiological synchrony (interoexteroceptive) supports moment-to-moment affective attunement, whereas behavioural synchrony (exteroproprioceptive) sustains long-term relational engagement.</li>\n \n \n <li>Therapist-led nonverbal synchrony is particularly associated with stronger therapeutic alliance and better outcomes.</li>\n \n \n <li>Presession intrapsychic traits—such as patient well-being or therapist expertise and attachment—modulate synchrony patterns and therapeutic responsiveness.</li>\n \n \n <li>Intersubjective synchrony offers a promising marker for precision psychotherapy, guiding self-reorganization through tailored relational dynamics.</li>\n </ul>\n </div>\n </section>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":10460,"journal":{"name":"Clinical psychology & psychotherapy","volume":"32 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cpp.70110","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"The Self and Its Intersubjective Synchrony in Psychotherapy: A Systematic Review\",\"authors\":\"Lorenzo Lucherini Angeletti, Bianca Ventura, Ferdinando Galassi, Giovanni Castellini, Valdo Ricca, Andrea Scalabrini, Georg Northoff\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/cpp.70110\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div>\\n \\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <p>The self is pivotal in psychotherapy, integrating internal (interoexteroceptive) and external (exteroproprioceptive) layers of experience necessary to create an intersubjective space in psychotherapeutic relationship to foster self-reorganization. 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On the other hand, we found mixed findings on the associations of exteroproprioceptive synchrony with overall therapy outcomes, whereas interoexteroceptive synchrony seemed to be positively associated with session-level outcomes. Moreover, pre-session intra-subjective traits (e.g., patients' well-being and psychopathology, therapists' attachment and expertise) influenced intersubjective synchrony patterns. Finally, we found that degrees of synchrony varied across patients suggesting different experiences of optimal psychotherapeutic relationship. Findings highlighted the layered dynamics of synchrony in psychotherapy. Achieving effective therapeutic engagement involves balancing context-sensitive synchrony at different layers through intersubjective interaction for a self-reorganization of the patients' dynamics. Future research should further explore how distinct layers and dynamics interact both at intrasubjective and intersubjective levels. 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The Self and Its Intersubjective Synchrony in Psychotherapy: A Systematic Review
The self is pivotal in psychotherapy, integrating internal (interoexteroceptive) and external (exteroproprioceptive) layers of experience necessary to create an intersubjective space in psychotherapeutic relationship to foster self-reorganization. Patient–therapist intersubjective experience of synchrony seems to be core in better alliance and connectedness, favouring therapeutic progresses. However, the biobehavioural aspects of intersubjective synchrony are often disconnected from the self, leaving gaps in understanding its role in shaping therapy processes and outcomes. Following PRISMA guidelines, 32 studies measuring intersubjective synchrony during psychotherapy sessions were identified, covering interoexteroceptive (n = 11), exteroproprioceptive (n = 18) and interbrain (n = 4) synchrony. Exteroproprioceptive synchrony, particularly nonverbal, was primarily associated with the therapeutic alliance: This was further supported by interbrain studies, whereas interoexteroceptive synchrony was mainly linked to moment-to-moment emotional experience. On the other hand, we found mixed findings on the associations of exteroproprioceptive synchrony with overall therapy outcomes, whereas interoexteroceptive synchrony seemed to be positively associated with session-level outcomes. Moreover, pre-session intra-subjective traits (e.g., patients' well-being and psychopathology, therapists' attachment and expertise) influenced intersubjective synchrony patterns. Finally, we found that degrees of synchrony varied across patients suggesting different experiences of optimal psychotherapeutic relationship. Findings highlighted the layered dynamics of synchrony in psychotherapy. Achieving effective therapeutic engagement involves balancing context-sensitive synchrony at different layers through intersubjective interaction for a self-reorganization of the patients' dynamics. Future research should further explore how distinct layers and dynamics interact both at intrasubjective and intersubjective levels. A spatiotemporally informed emphasis on self-related dynamics can illuminate common therapeutic factors and clarify their role in short- and long-term outcomes.
Summary
The self is a dynamic, multilayered system that underlies coregulation processes within the therapeutic relationship. In this context, intersubjective synchrony reflects the encounter of self-dynamics between patient and therapist, fostering alliance and emotional resonance.
Therapist-led nonverbal synchrony is particularly associated with stronger therapeutic alliance and better outcomes.
Presession intrapsychic traits—such as patient well-being or therapist expertise and attachment—modulate synchrony patterns and therapeutic responsiveness.
Intersubjective synchrony offers a promising marker for precision psychotherapy, guiding self-reorganization through tailored relational dynamics.
期刊介绍：
Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy aims to keep clinical psychologists and psychotherapists up to date with new developments in their fields. The Journal will provide an integrative impetus both between theory and practice and between different orientations within clinical psychology and psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy will be a forum in which practitioners can present their wealth of expertise and innovations in order to make these available to a wider audience. Equally, the Journal will contain reports from researchers who want to address a larger clinical audience with clinically relevant issues and clinically valid research.
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