A distributionally coordinated planning in regional interconnected high renewable penetration system with time-varying carbon emission factors and stepwise carbon price

The carbon emission factor (CEF), an effective tool for carbon quantification, is commonly employed to evaluate carbon trading costs and facilitate carbon reduction efforts. However, in current research practices, the average carbon emission factor (ACEF) provides a time-independent and static accounting method. This can result in an inaccurate assessment of carbon emissions and limit the capability of carbon reduction. In this paper, a distributionally collaborated planning model is proposed in regional interconnected high renewable penetration system with time-varying carbon emission factors (TCEFs) and stepwise carbon price (SCP). This time-varying CEF model dynamically captures the proportion of different units’ output within total energy consumption to accurately account carbon emissions. Then leveraging the synergistic interplay between TCEFs and SCP to optimize each generator and energy storage system (ESS), facilitates continuous renewable energy integration and fosters carbon emission mitigation. Finally, a distributed collaborative algorithm is employed to enhance operational efficiency and resource utilization through regional interconnection, thereby culminating in carbon reduction outcomes. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in enhancing low-carbon performance and economic efficiency.