The dual nature of water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes): Environmental threats and sustainable solutions

The invasive aquatic plant Pontederia crassipes (water hyacinth) presents significant ecological and economic challenges worldwide due to its rapid proliferation and dominance in freshwater ecosystems. This review synthesizes the multifaceted aspects of P. crassipes, from its ecological impacts to its potential applications, highlighting sustainable management strategies. Despite its invasiveness, P. crassipes exhibits remarkable potential in phytoremediation, biofuel production, biomaterial synthesis, and agricultural uses. Its ability to absorb pollutants, including heavy metals and nutrients, renders it valuable for environmental remediation. The conversion of P. crassipes into biochar, bioplastics, and industrial products aligns with circular economy principles, promoting resource recovery and environmental conservation. However, while these applications are promising in theory, real-world evidence demonstrating the successful mitigation of P. crassipes’ invasive potential through such methods remains minimal. Few case studies and field trials have shown positive impacts, underscoring the need for further research before conclusive recommendations can be made. Traditional management methods, such as mechanical, chemical, and biological controls, face limitations including labor intensity, environmental safety concerns, and ecological impacts. An integrated approach that combines these strategies is essential for effective management. Future research should prioritize large-scale case studies to evaluate the practical viability of these sustainable applications and their long-term ecological effects, ultimately repurposing P. crassipes from an invasive species into a valuable resource for global environmental sustainability.