Advances in electrochemical biosensing of esophageal cancer biomarkers: A comprehensive review with comparative methodological perspectives

Esophageal cancer, one of the most aggressive malignancies, often poses substantial challenges ascribed to its asymptomatic early stages and quick progression, leaving patients with few treatment options and grim survival rates. Though effective, traditional diagnostic methods remain invasive, expensive, and out of reach for many in resource-limited settings. This review explores the revolutionary potential of biosensors: molecular sleuths that detect subtle variations in biomarkers, including IL-6, CYFRA 21–1, TP53, and miRNAs like miR-204 and miR-106b. These technologies, spanning electrochemical platforms, SPR detection, fluorescence systems, and advanced chromatography, redefine early cancer detection through their precision, speed, and cost-effectiveness. The review also spotlights innovations in bio-interface engineering, including graphene-enhanced electrodes and saliva-based diagnostics, which pave the way for non-invasive, personalized healthcare. Beyond the lab, biosensors promise to democratize early detection, empowering underserved communities with accessible, point-of-care diagnostics. The convergence of biosensor technology with artificial intelligence and multiplex detection heralds a paradigm shift in oncology, transforming esophageal cancer diagnostics from reactive to proactive. Furthermore, this article envisions a future where portable, affordable, and highly sensitive biosensors are not just tools but lifelines in the global fight against cancer.