Engineering interventions, challenges, and strategies in processing and utilization of pearl millet

Pearl millet is a nutritionally rich, climate-resilient food grain. The processing and utilization of pearl millet face several challenges. It includes inefficient post-harvest handling, lack of proper machinery, nutrient losses during conventional processing, and limited product diversification. This article explores engineering interventions, challenges, and strategies to enhance pearl millet processing and utilization. Proper mechanization in pre- and post-harvest processes, including improved threshing, dehulling, milling, and storage techniques, is essential for reducing losses and improving efficiency. Advanced processing technologies, such as microwave heating, ohmic heating, extrusion, pulsed electric fields, high-pressure processing, ultrasonication, and cold plasma, have shown promising results in enhancing nutritional retention, modifying functional properties, and extending shelf life. Furthermore, product innovation tailored to diverse dietary needs is crucial for expanding market acceptance. Strengthening value addition, improving consumer awareness, and integrating millet-based products into mainstream food systems can significantly boost its economic and nutritional potential. This paper highlights the recent developments, the need for further research, and strategies to fully utilize the benefits of pearl millet in sustainable food processing and global nutrition security.