Plant-derived gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): Role in stress responses, growth, metabolism, and therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric disorders

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a four-carbon amino acid that is non-protein. GABA functions as a signaling molecule in plant development & as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system alongside participating in plant metabolism through the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Beyond its general physiological roles, GABA functions as a key signaling molecule in plants, regulating stress responses, growth, and primary metabolism. Beyond its physiological roles, GABA is a key target in pharmacotherapies for neurotransmitter-related disorders like anxiety, emphasizing its importance in biological and therapeutic applications. In this review, 1500 studies were initially identified, and 484 met the inclusion criteria after the double screening process. Ultimately, 99 studies focusing on the metabolic and therapeutic aspects were incorporated in the review. These studies addressed the roles and applications of GABA therapeutics derived from plants. GABA, a vital plant signaling molecule, influences processes like the elongation of pollen tubes, fruit ripening, root growth, and seed germination. Its accumulation occurs due to environmental stresses and attacks from pathogens and insects. Increased GABA concentrations in plants enhance stress responses, leading to improved photosynthesis, regulated stomatal opening in drought conditions, and activation of antioxidant enzymes. Although current anxiolytic drugs are effective, they are often associated with adverse effects. In this context, plant-derived phytochemicals, particularly GABA, are being investigated as potential alternatives due to their neuromodulatory properties, indicating that GABA may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for anxiety management.