Agronomic and economic sustainability perspectives in coffee-based agroforestry system (Coffea arabica L.) in Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Peru

Coffee-based agroforestry systems (AFS) represent a sustainable alternative for enhancing resilience and productivity in tropical regions. However, limited studies have systematically evaluated the combined agronomic and economic factors influencing their success, particularly in Andean forest regions of Peru. This study aimed to assess tree composition, soil parameters, pest incidence, and economic performance in AFS located in Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, in the northwest of Peru. Fifteen plots were selected through non-probabilistic purposive sampling. Tree composition was analyzed using the Importance Value Index (IVI), while soil fertility, pest incidence, and profitability were evaluated. Key species included timber species such as Eucalyptus globulus (13.5 % IVI) and Cedrela montana (11.3 % IVI), along with Inga edulis (12.9 % IVI), the latter being more strongly associated with improvements in soil organic matter content (2.8–5.7 %) and reduced pest incidence under moderate shade conditions (30–45 %). Soil pH (5.2–6.7) and carbon content showed positive correlations with tree diversity. Economically, production costs ranged from 1300 to 1400 USD, with incomes between 2400 and 3200 USD; 66.7 % of plots achieved benefit/cost ratios greater than 2. Regression analysis revealed that shade cover had a significant positive effect on profitability (p < 0.05), while transportation and processing costs negatively impacted outcomes. These results reinforce the role of coffee-based AFS as a viable strategy for smallholders, integrating ecological services with economic sustainability, and supporting current efforts toward climate-resilient agricultural policies in Peru.