Extreme urban temperature exposure and preterm birth: Spatial-temporal risk zone prediction using machine learning models

This study investigates temperature impacts on preterm birth (PTB) using residential address GPS coordinates for 311,972 pregnant women in Wuhan, China, coupled with daily environmental data. We developed a machine learning model to analyze the impact of environmental exposure on PTB. Results show PTB risks increase with temperatures below 14 °C or above 21 °C, excessive temperature variability, and acute exposure to extreme weather. Spatial analysis revealed heat-related risk zones concentrated in urban heat island areas, while cold-related risks were more widespread. This research provides novel insights into spatiotemporal patterns of temperature-related PTB risk, offering evidence-based recommendations for urban health planning and climate adaptation strategies. The integration of machine learning and spatial analysis represents a significant advancement in environmental health research methodology.