Recent advancements in carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration technologies

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions pose a critical environmental challenge, making the development of efficient and economically feasible carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration technologies essential for the successful implementation of global carbon reduction plans to combat climate change. In 2023, global CO₂ emissions reached 41.41 billion tons, with 89.6 % (37.15 billion tons) originating from the combustion of fossil fuels. This comprehensive review examines advanced CO₂ capture techniques, such as absorption, adsorption, microbial carbon capture, membrane separation, and various utilization methods, such as physical applications and chemical conversions. The abundant active sites of metal-doped mesoporous bimetallic nanomaterials make them ideal for CO₂ capture and catalytic activity in chemical conversions. Electrochemical reduction or electrocatalytic conversion of CO₂ facilitates CO₂ utilization under mild reaction conditions, controllable reaction rates, and high product selectivity through applied potentials. Microbial conversion can produce valuable products such as acetate, protein, and folate (vitamin B₉). If hydrogen fuels could replace fossil fuels, the development of a technology to simultaneously produce hydrogen and carbonaceous nanomaterials from fossil fuels would provide a sustainable solution for CO₂ management and contribute to global environmental protection.