Taxonomy, nomenclature, and identification of the giant hummingbirds (Patagona spp.) (Aves: Trochilidae)

Giant hummingbirds (Patagona spp.) are extraordinarily large hummingbirds whose taxonomy has been muddled for two centuries. Patagona systematics were recently redefined in a study of migration, physiology, and genomics, revealing two species: the Northern Giant Hummingbird and Southern Giant Hummingbird. Here, we re-evaluate taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus in light of its newly clarified biology and species limits, analysing data from 608 specimens and wild-caught individuals spanning 1864–2023. The forms gigas and peruviana were both described based on multiple syntypes. The possible syntypes for Patagona gigas are dubious, so we designate a neotype for this taxon. The genetic identity of the peruviana lectotype remains untested, but its plumage appears to match the northern species. We critically considered the identity and usage of gigas and peruviana, respectively, and examined identification challenges that fostered taxonomic uncertainty. We endorse the name Patagona gigas for the Southern Giant Hummingbird and Patagona peruviana for the Northern Giant Hummingbird. We found that ~33% of specimens (74 of 226) in major museum collections that are labeled peruviana are actually misidentified gigas and we include this full list to correct the historical record. Finally, to facilitate identification and future study of these two cryptic species, we provide comprehensive information on plumage, measurements, and seasonal ranges.