Unveiling the plurality of visions for the ecological transition in Europe

This paper provides diverse perspectives on ecological transition in five European countries, emphasising how differing values, economic interests, cultural models, and social positions influence perceptions of transition. The widespread dissemination of this concept without considering different viewpoints and limitations may undermine collective efforts to achieve it. For this purpose, we conducted 45 interviews with politicians, scientists, non-governmental organisations, representatives from economic groups, and citizens in the context of the H2020 European project "PHOENIX". The results demonstrate the diversity of perspectives on ecological transition and show that pro-ecological actions are heavily influenced by institutional, political, and financial frameworks rather than being solely personal preferences. The lack of support from institutions that serve as role models in this ecological transition undermined community attempts to achieve it, as well as the apparent contradiction between comfort and living a more frugal lifestyle. To successfully engage people in this transition, it is vital to push for legislation that prioritises environmental goals over corporate profit, promotes engagement with nature from a young age, and overcomes financial barriers by offering incentives and support for sustainable choices. We argue that in order to move beyond a technocratic approach and towards an inclusive and socio-politically engaging transition, future policies must recognise and overcome these structural constraints.