Bin Zou , Xiaochuan Li , Xiaodong Qian , Xiangliang Tian , Shuilai Qiu , Yifan Zhou , Siyu Zhu , Jiajun Li , Yuan Hu
{"title":"通过控制变量实验多维度评价碳纤维增强航空环氧树脂的磷氧化态及加载对其防火安全性的影响","authors":"Bin Zou , Xiaochuan Li , Xiaodong Qian , Xiangliang Tian , Shuilai Qiu , Yifan Zhou , Siyu Zhu , Jiajun Li , Yuan Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112743","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding how multiple variables of flame retardants affect the fire hazards of their composites is essential for quantifying fire risks of cabin materials and aircraft overall. Incorporating flame retardants is typically required to meet stringent fire safety standards of booming epoxy resin carbon fiber composites (EP/CF) for aviation applications. This work synthesizes a new flame retardant PDDO through a substitution reaction between anhydrous piperazine and diphenylphosphoryl chloride, which has an overlapping pyrolysis characteristic with a deviation of 7.42 % in peak pyrolysis temperature, and that of corresponding EP/CF composites is 6.02 %. Incorporating only 5 wt% PDDO into EP/CF reaches a V-0 rating in the UL-94 and 54 % of LOI, exceeding that of introducing 11 wt% RDP. In comparison to neat EP at 25 kW/m<sup>2</sup>, the peak heat release and total heat release of EP/CF-RDP are separately reduced by 74.38 % and 72.41 %, while EP/CF-PDDO shows reductions of 77.78 % and 73.93 %, respectively. The smoke density of EP/CF-RDP and EP/CF-PDDO is lower than that of neat EP, but they are separately increased by 59.36 % and 15.50 % compared to EP/CF due to the additional gas-phase effects caused by the flame retardants. A multi-dimensional and subject-objective combined model is established, the evaluation of fire hazard value of EP/CF-RDP and EP/CF-PDDO separately decreases by 60.66 % and 63.17 % compared to neat EP. This study elucidates the combined impact of phosphorus valence state, additive content and thermal stability of flame retardant on the fire hazard of composites, providing a foundation for flame retardant selection and fire hazard assessment for aircraft materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10660,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part B: Engineering","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 112743"},"PeriodicalIF":12.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Multi-dimensional evaluation of phosphorus oxidation state and loading effects on the fire safety of carbon fiber reinforced aviation epoxy resin via control variables experiment\",\"authors\":\"Bin Zou , Xiaochuan Li , Xiaodong Qian , Xiangliang Tian , Shuilai Qiu , Yifan Zhou , Siyu Zhu , Jiajun Li , Yuan Hu\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112743\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>Understanding how multiple variables of flame retardants affect the fire hazards of their composites is essential for quantifying fire risks of cabin materials and aircraft overall. Incorporating flame retardants is typically required to meet stringent fire safety standards of booming epoxy resin carbon fiber composites (EP/CF) for aviation applications. This work synthesizes a new flame retardant PDDO through a substitution reaction between anhydrous piperazine and diphenylphosphoryl chloride, which has an overlapping pyrolysis characteristic with a deviation of 7.42 % in peak pyrolysis temperature, and that of corresponding EP/CF composites is 6.02 %. Incorporating only 5 wt% PDDO into EP/CF reaches a V-0 rating in the UL-94 and 54 % of LOI, exceeding that of introducing 11 wt% RDP. In comparison to neat EP at 25 kW/m<sup>2</sup>, the peak heat release and total heat release of EP/CF-RDP are separately reduced by 74.38 % and 72.41 %, while EP/CF-PDDO shows reductions of 77.78 % and 73.93 %, respectively. The smoke density of EP/CF-RDP and EP/CF-PDDO is lower than that of neat EP, but they are separately increased by 59.36 % and 15.50 % compared to EP/CF due to the additional gas-phase effects caused by the flame retardants. A multi-dimensional and subject-objective combined model is established, the evaluation of fire hazard value of EP/CF-RDP and EP/CF-PDDO separately decreases by 60.66 % and 63.17 % compared to neat EP. This study elucidates the combined impact of phosphorus valence state, additive content and thermal stability of flame retardant on the fire hazard of composites, providing a foundation for flame retardant selection and fire hazard assessment for aircraft materials.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":10660,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Composites Part B: Engineering\",\"volume\":\"305 \",\"pages\":\"Article 112743\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":12.7000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-06-24\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Composites Part B: Engineering\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"5\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359836825006493\",\"RegionNum\":1,\"RegionCategory\":\"材料科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Composites Part B: Engineering","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359836825006493","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Multi-dimensional evaluation of phosphorus oxidation state and loading effects on the fire safety of carbon fiber reinforced aviation epoxy resin via control variables experiment
Understanding how multiple variables of flame retardants affect the fire hazards of their composites is essential for quantifying fire risks of cabin materials and aircraft overall. Incorporating flame retardants is typically required to meet stringent fire safety standards of booming epoxy resin carbon fiber composites (EP/CF) for aviation applications. This work synthesizes a new flame retardant PDDO through a substitution reaction between anhydrous piperazine and diphenylphosphoryl chloride, which has an overlapping pyrolysis characteristic with a deviation of 7.42 % in peak pyrolysis temperature, and that of corresponding EP/CF composites is 6.02 %. Incorporating only 5 wt% PDDO into EP/CF reaches a V-0 rating in the UL-94 and 54 % of LOI, exceeding that of introducing 11 wt% RDP. In comparison to neat EP at 25 kW/m2, the peak heat release and total heat release of EP/CF-RDP are separately reduced by 74.38 % and 72.41 %, while EP/CF-PDDO shows reductions of 77.78 % and 73.93 %, respectively. The smoke density of EP/CF-RDP and EP/CF-PDDO is lower than that of neat EP, but they are separately increased by 59.36 % and 15.50 % compared to EP/CF due to the additional gas-phase effects caused by the flame retardants. A multi-dimensional and subject-objective combined model is established, the evaluation of fire hazard value of EP/CF-RDP and EP/CF-PDDO separately decreases by 60.66 % and 63.17 % compared to neat EP. This study elucidates the combined impact of phosphorus valence state, additive content and thermal stability of flame retardant on the fire hazard of composites, providing a foundation for flame retardant selection and fire hazard assessment for aircraft materials.
期刊介绍:
Composites Part B: Engineering is a journal that publishes impactful research of high quality on composite materials. This research is supported by fundamental mechanics and materials science and engineering approaches. The targeted research can cover a wide range of length scales, ranging from nano to micro and meso, and even to the full product and structure level. The journal specifically focuses on engineering applications that involve high performance composites. These applications can range from low volume and high cost to high volume and low cost composite development.
The main goal of the journal is to provide a platform for the prompt publication of original and high quality research. The emphasis is on design, development, modeling, validation, and manufacturing of engineering details and concepts. The journal welcomes both basic research papers and proposals for review articles. Authors are encouraged to address challenges across various application areas. These areas include, but are not limited to, aerospace, automotive, and other surface transportation. The journal also covers energy-related applications, with a focus on renewable energy. Other application areas include infrastructure, off-shore and maritime projects, health care technology, and recreational products.