Emergent photonics for cardiovascular health

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading global cause of death, encompassing heart attacks, strokes and coronary artery disease. While traditional photonic technologies such as angiography, computed tomography and laser ablation have long been used for CVD diagnosis and treatment, newer innovations are transforming the field. Emerging photonic technologies such as photoacoustic imaging, optical wearable sensors, point-of-care testing and optogenetic control offer non-invasive, high-resolution and high-throughput imaging along with precise therapeutic interventions. This Review highlights the broad applications of these photonic technologies in CVD care, discussing their potential to enhance precision and outcomes. It also addresses the challenges of integrating these innovations into clinical practice, focusing on trends including miniaturization and AI integration. These advancements are poised to revolutionize CVD management and reduce its global burden.