Pain interference, alcohol use, and metabolic health: Insights from a nationally representative study.

Background: Chronic pain, heavy alcohol use, and metabolic dysfunction frequently cooccur, yet their interrelationships remain inadequately characterized, contributing to fragmented therapeutic approaches. This study quantifies independent and interactive associations between these conditions and pain interference in a nationally representative sample.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 30,442 adults (51.1% women) participating in the 2007-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), representing an estimated 301,890,165 US adults. Primary exposures included heavy alcohol use (defined by National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism criteria), metabolic dysfunction (indexed by obesity status, Triglyceride-Glucose Index [TyG], and Systemic Inflammation Index [SII]), and sleep duration. Our main outcome was pain interference, measured as days in the past 30 days during which pain disrupted usual activities. We utilized survey-weighted quasi-Poisson regression models, adjusting for age, gender, and race/ethnicity.

Results: Heavy alcohol use was independently associated with 34% more days of pain interference (IRR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.16-1.55), while obesity was associated with a 50% increase (IRR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.35-1.67). Higher TyG (IRR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.10-1.30) and SII (IRR = 1.01, 95% CI = 1.01-1.02) were also consistently associated with increased pain interference. The interaction between heavy alcohol use and obesity suggested additive rather than synergistic effects (IRR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.65-1.05). Each additional hour of sleep was associated with a 14% reduction in pain interference (IRR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.83-0.88). In a secondary analysis (n = 9756), higher physical activity was associated with 10% fewer days of pain interference (IRR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.87-0.93).

Conclusions: Heavy alcohol use and metabolic dysfunction demonstrate independent, additive effects on pain interference, with concurrent conditions corresponding to maximal days of pain interference. Sleep duration and physical activity emerge as potentially modifiable protective factors. These findings support the implementation of integrated therapeutic approaches targeting multiple pathophysiological domains to optimize clinical outcomes in this complex patient population.