Recent advances in smartphone-integrated laser-scribed graphene-based electrochemical sensing platforms for personalized health management

Laser-scribed graphene (LSG), with its high electrical conductivity, tunable surface chemistry, and facile fabrication, has emerged as a key material for developing advanced electrochemical sensors. This review presents recent advancements in LSG electrodes for portable and wearable electrochemical biosensing, focusing on both electrode materials functionalization and their integration with smartphone-based electrochemical sensing systems. It briefly introduces the design and working principles of smartphone-based electrochemical sensing system, followed by an analysis of the physicochemical properties and advantages of LSG electrodes. The advances of LSG electrodes are systematically discussed through various surface functionalization strategies, including the integration of metal nanoparticles, polymers, metal complexes, and biomolecules. Furthermore, the review examines the practical applications of smartphone-integrated LSG-based electrochemical sensing platforms for detecting physiological fluids such as blood, sweat, and saliva, demonstrating their potential for personalized healthcare and disease management. Finally, the challenges associated with LSG electrodes in portable and wearable sensing applications are addressed, along with future research directions. Recommendations are provided to promote the commercialization and widespread adoption of this technology. Smartphone-integrated LSG-based electrochemical sensing platforms is expected to play an increasingly crucial role in the future of healthcare.