Gadolinium in the Environment: A Double-Edged Sword for Plant Growth and Ecosystem Stability.

Gadolinium, a rare earth element, is increasingly released into the environment due to its widespread applications in medical imaging, industry, and agriculture. This review explores the dual role of gadolinium in plant systems, highlighting its potential benefits at subtoxic concentrations and detrimental effects at higher levels. At subtoxic doses, gadolinium can enhance plant growth, metabolism, and stress tolerance by promoting enzymatic activity and nutrient absorption. However, elevated concentrations induce oxidative stress, disrupt nutrient uptake, and impair photosynthesis, leading to cellular damage and reduced growth. The bioaccumulation of gadolinium in plant tissues raises concerns about its trophic transfer within food chains and its broader ecological impact. Current evidence suggests that previously regarded as stable and inert gadolinium complexes can degrade under environmental conditions, increasing their bioavailability and toxicity. Despite its potential for agricultural applications, including improving crop resilience, the ecological risks associated with gadolinium remain poorly understood. Addressing these risks requires coordinated efforts to optimize gadolinium usage, develop advanced waste management strategies, and enhance monitoring of its environmental presence. This review emphasizes the need for in-depth research on gadolinium interactions with plants and ecosystems to balance its industrial benefits with environmental sustainability.