Nanobubble-enhanced O3 oxidation under water quality and ultrasound regulation: a systematic review of properties and degradation efficiency

Nanobubbles (NBs), due to their unique physicochemical properties, have garnered increasing attention. However, existing reviews on NBs predominantly focus on their properties, generation methods, and applications, with limited emphasis on their integration with ozone(O₃). To address this gap, this review focuses specifically on O₃ NBs. Firstly,the review summarizes the principles and parameters of O₃ NBs generation and detection devices reported in existing studies, and compared the differences between the properties of NBs produced by different preparation methods. Furthermore, it systematically compares the physicochemical properties and pollutant degradation efficiency of O₃ NBs versus conventional O₃ macrobubbles. Additionally, the review examines the effects of water quality (e.g., pH, temperature, salinity) and ultrasound regulation (power and frequency) on three key aspects: (1) NBs behavior, (2) O₃ NBs properties, and (3) pollutant degradation efficiency. In addition, points of contention in the relevant literature regarding the above are discussed:(1). Contradiction between O₃ and NBs stability under high alkaline conditions; (2). Conflict between water ionization and Brownian motion in maintaining the stability of NBs; (3). Unclear role of NaCl concentration on the degradation process. (4) Mega ultrasonic frequency modulation of NBs generation. This review constructs a reinforcement theory system of O₃ NBs applied to organic pollutants degradation, not only analyzing the reinforcement process from the level of the physical and chemical properties of royal oxygen, but also providing theoretical guidance on the preparation of O₃ NBs, which is an important theoretical basis for the development of high-efficiency oxygen NBs oxidation technology.