Nano-valent materials for environmental remediation: Mechanisms, applications, and future challenges

Nano-valent materials—encompassing carbon-based nanomaterials, nano-sized metal oxides, and zero-valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticles—are emerging as groundbreaking agents in environmental remediation. Their high surface area and reactivity enable efficient removal of industrial pollutants, pesticides, and pharmaceutical residues through adsorption, redox reactions, and catalytic degradation. This paper highlights the innovative role of nano-valent technology in tackling complex environmental issues more effectively than conventional methods, offering improved biodegradation, lower toxicity, and sustainable outcomes. However, challenges such as nanoparticle aggregation, toxicity, and regulatory hurdles underscore the need for better material stabilization and safe deployment strategies. The integration of nano-valent materials with biological or electrochemical methods presents a novel pathway for enhancing their efficacy. Economically, their scalability and cost-efficiency make them a promising option for wastewater and pollution treatment. Continued research into functionalization and manufacturing processes will be crucial to unlocking their full potential and advancing global environmental sustainability. Hence, this review highlights the revolutionary potential of nano-valent materials to mitigate pollution and their significance to both ecological stability and economic growth.

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