In-syringe polypropylene fiber-supported liquid microextraction using natural deep eutectic solvents for the convenient analysis of amphetamine-type stimulants in biological and environmental samples

This study introduces an environmentally friendly and efficient sample preparation method for the extraction and analysis of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) in biological and environmental samples. The proposed polypropylene fiber-supported liquid-phase microextraction (PPF-SLME) method utilizes PPF as the support medium and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) as the extractant, coupled with a simple in-syringe format for streamlined extraction and desorption processes. The use of pure PPF, sourced from disposable three-layer nonwoven face masks, offers a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to conventional natural fibers. Additionally, NADES, composed of natural and environmentally benign components, enhances the overall sustainability of the method. This approach reduces solvent consumption while improving extraction efficiency, making it a green alternative to traditional methods. The optimized extraction conditions—including NADES composition, solvent volumes, and the number of pull-push cycles—were systematically evaluated. The method exhibited robust linearity within the concentration range of 0.01–10 ng/mL, featuring an R² value greater than 0.994, and detection limits spanning from 1 to 6 ng/L. Relative recoveries ranged from 81.8% to 104.8%, with relative standard deviations below 10.6%. The method's performance was successfully demonstrated in both environmental and biological sample analyses, providing a rapid, cost-effective, sensitive, and sustainable solution for ATS detection.