Space applications in manned underwater research stations

With the new era of manned space travel to the surfaces of other celestial bodies, there is also a need for new simulation possibilities. The advantages of using underwater habitats for this purpose have often been discussed. However, previous facilities such as former habitats, space analogue missions, and training pools have various shortcomings in relation to the new requirements. With a new generation of underwater habitats, these shortcomings can be eliminated by changing the design and using current technologies. Here, we report on the similarities and limitations between extreme environments in space and underwater. Reduced gravity in space is similar to different degrees of buoyancy outside the habitat. Furthermore, stress factors and demands on logistics, technology, and personnel are alike. To simulate longer stays, new focal points are required in terms of the human factor. This includes the ability to add other modules, larger usable areas, and mobility. The American underwater laboratory Aquarius is now only suitable to a limited extent for these new requirements, just like the other approximately 70 habitat projects that have mostly been discontinued. In Calamar Park's interdisciplinary concept of a European Underwater Research Station, all those requirements necessary for the new demands of space travel have been implemented.