Lignocellulose-derived carbon Nanomaterials: Unlocking sustainable solutions for waste management and water depollution

Lignocellulosic biomass, a renewable and abundant resource, has emerged as a promising precursor for the production of carbon-based nanomaterials due to its carbon-rich nature, low cost, and environmental sustainability. In the context of wastewater treatment and waste management, lignocellulose-derived carbon nanomaterials (LDCNs) offer sustainable and efficient solutions. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the synthesis, modification, and applications of carbon-based materials such as biochar, activated carbon, graphene, and carbon nanotubes derived from lignocellulosic biomass. The conversion of biomass waste into functional carbon nanomaterials through innovative processes like pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization is discussed in detail. Special emphasis is placed on the materials' high surface area, adsorption properties, and ability to remove organic, dye, and inorganic pollutants from wastewater through adsorption mechanisms. Additionally, the role of LDCNs in photocatalytic and electrocatalytic remediation methods is explored. This paper also highlights key characterization techniques essential for evaluating these materials' structure and performance. Despite the promising potential of LDCNs, challenges such as scalability, cost-effectiveness, and sustainable production must be addressed to compete with conventional materials. Overall, this review underscores the environmental and economic benefits of lignocellulose-derived carbon nanomaterials in contributing to the circular economy. Future research directions are discussed, focusing on overcoming the limitations of current synthesis techniques and expanding the practical applications of LDCNs in environmental remediation and sustainable waste management.