{"title":"自身免疫性甲状腺疾病在女性和男性之间的差异：一个复杂的互连因素的结果。","authors":"Fiammetta Battheu, Cristina Clausi, Simona Censi, Caterina Mian","doi":"10.1007/s12020-025-04317-5","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this paper is to review the scientific evidence for the link between autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) and sex, and the plausible causes of the female prevalence in AITDs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An extensive literature search of published articles was conducted using online search engines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>AITDs are more frequent in the female sex. Numerous studies have focused on the differences between males and females in their presentation of AITD and their response to therapy, sometimes with conflicting results. Several factors are considered to be responsible for the higher incidence of AITDs in females, crucial among which is the relationship between sex hormones and the immune system. In addition to hormones, there is also evidence that sex chromosomes, epigenetic factors, foetal microchimerism, the microbiota and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) play an important role in the predisposition of females to AITDs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The prevalence of AITDs in the female sex appears to be attributable to numerous factors, the most important being the influence of sex hormones on the immune system.</p>","PeriodicalId":49211,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Differences in autoimmune thyroid diseases between females and males: the result of a complex interconnection of factors.\",\"authors\":\"Fiammetta Battheu, Cristina Clausi, Simona Censi, Caterina Mian\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s12020-025-04317-5\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this paper is to review the scientific evidence for the link between autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) and sex, and the plausible causes of the female prevalence in AITDs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An extensive literature search of published articles was conducted using online search engines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>AITDs are more frequent in the female sex. Numerous studies have focused on the differences between males and females in their presentation of AITD and their response to therapy, sometimes with conflicting results. Several factors are considered to be responsible for the higher incidence of AITDs in females, crucial among which is the relationship between sex hormones and the immune system. In addition to hormones, there is also evidence that sex chromosomes, epigenetic factors, foetal microchimerism, the microbiota and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) play an important role in the predisposition of females to AITDs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The prevalence of AITDs in the female sex appears to be attributable to numerous factors, the most important being the influence of sex hormones on the immune system.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":49211,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Endocrine\",\"volume\":\" \",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-06-21\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Endocrine\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-025-04317-5\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Endocrine","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-025-04317-5","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM","Score":null,"Total":0}
Differences in autoimmune thyroid diseases between females and males: the result of a complex interconnection of factors.
Purpose: The aim of this paper is to review the scientific evidence for the link between autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) and sex, and the plausible causes of the female prevalence in AITDs.
Methods: An extensive literature search of published articles was conducted using online search engines.
Results: AITDs are more frequent in the female sex. Numerous studies have focused on the differences between males and females in their presentation of AITD and their response to therapy, sometimes with conflicting results. Several factors are considered to be responsible for the higher incidence of AITDs in females, crucial among which is the relationship between sex hormones and the immune system. In addition to hormones, there is also evidence that sex chromosomes, epigenetic factors, foetal microchimerism, the microbiota and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) play an important role in the predisposition of females to AITDs.
Conclusion: The prevalence of AITDs in the female sex appears to be attributable to numerous factors, the most important being the influence of sex hormones on the immune system.
期刊介绍：
Well-established as a major journal in today’s rapidly advancing experimental and clinical research areas, Endocrine publishes original articles devoted to basic (including molecular, cellular and physiological studies), translational and clinical research in all the different fields of endocrinology and metabolism. Articles will be accepted based on peer-reviews, priority, and editorial decision. Invited reviews, mini-reviews and viewpoints on relevant pathophysiological and clinical topics, as well as Editorials on articles appearing in the Journal, are published. Unsolicited Editorials will be evaluated by the editorial team. Outcomes of scientific meetings, as well as guidelines and position statements, may be submitted. The Journal also considers special feature articles in the field of endocrine genetics and epigenetics, as well as articles devoted to novel methods and techniques in endocrinology.
Endocrine covers controversial, clinical endocrine issues. Meta-analyses on endocrine and metabolic topics are also accepted. Descriptions of single clinical cases and/or small patients studies are not published unless of exceptional interest. However, reports of novel imaging studies and endocrine side effects in single patients may be considered. Research letters and letters to the editor related or unrelated to recently published articles can be submitted.
Endocrine covers leading topics in endocrinology such as neuroendocrinology, pituitary and hypothalamic peptides, thyroid physiological and clinical aspects, bone and mineral metabolism and osteoporosis, obesity, lipid and energy metabolism and food intake control, insulin, Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, hormones of male and female reproduction, adrenal diseases pediatric and geriatric endocrinology, endocrine hypertension and endocrine oncology.
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