European Biomass Production Systems: Characterization and Potential Contribution to Land Use Diversity

The global demand for biomass-based products, including biofuels and biomaterials, is projected to rise significantly in the coming decades, driven by climate change mitigation and the pursuit of energy independence. Expanding biomass production systems, such as short-rotation plantations and energy grasses, offers a promising option to meet this demand. Although these systems deliver environmental benefits, such as carbon sequestration and water purification, their large-scale implementation may lead to landscape homogenization. Conversely, strategically deployed biomass systems can enhance local land use diversity, support biodiversity, and generate mixed income opportunities for farmers. In this study, we present a harmonized analysis of European biomass production systems using spatial data from over 426,783 fields and stands, covering 2,140,568 ha across 17 countries. By integrating empirical data with landscape metrics, we assess the spatial distribution, scale, and land use context of diverse biomass systems ranging from short-rotation plantations to energy grasses. Our results show that depending on their location, biomass production systems have the potential to enhance local land use diversity and support multifunctional landscapes that mitigate the risks associated with large-scale monocultures. Conversely, poorly integrated systems may lead to landscape homogenization and reduced ecological resilience. These findings provide a baseline for crop species selection and spatial planning, thereby informing land use policies that harmonize bioenergy production with environmental sustainability.