Modulation of Ti3C2Tx interlayer spacing and functional groups by Lewis-basic halides and their effects on Li+ storage properties

Surface and interfacial chemistry play a vital role in shaping the properties of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes). This study focuses on utilizing Lewis-basic halides (LiCl/KCl) for thermal treatment of multilayered Ti₃C₂T_x, leading to the simultaneous modulation of interlayer spacing and surface functional groups. Compared to the pristine Ti₃C₂T_x, the LiCl/KCl treated sample (heating temperature: 450°C, denoted as LK-Ti₃C₂T_x-450) showcases a remarkable increase in the interlayer spacing and synergistic optimization of the functional groups. These modifications endow LK-Ti₃C₂T_x-450 with enhanced electrochemical properties, rendering it as a promising anode candidate for lithium-ion batteries. The increased interlayer spacing is particularly advantageous, as it facilitates efficient and rapid Li⁺ diffusion, a vital factor in enhancing the performance of energy storage devices.