Effects on life parameters and fatty acid expression profiles in response to elevated temperatures in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene–targeted mutants of two desaturase (Δ9–3 and Δ5/6) genes in the water flea Daphnia magna

Fatty-acid desaturation is central to membrane homeostasis and thermal performance in ectotherms. We disrupted the Δ9–3 (MUFA-specific) and Δ5/6 (long-chain PUFA-specific) desaturase genes in Daphnia magna with CRISPR/Cas9 and compared wild-type and knockout lines at 23 °C and 28 °C. Loss of Δ9–3 substantially depleted monounsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic and palmitoleic acids, with a compensatory rise in total polyunsaturates. These lipid shifts coincided with enhanced growth and fecundity under benign temperature but translated into reduced reproductive output when heat stress was imposed, indicating a context-dependent trade-off. In contrast, deletion of Δ5/6 selectively impaired the n-6 pathway at high temperature, leading to pronounced reductions in total PUFA reserves and a severe decline in offspring production; the usual growth benefit of warming was also abolished. Together, the data reveal that Δ9–3 supports MUFA supply needed for baseline metabolism, whereas Δ5/6 maintains PUFA reserves critical for reproduction under thermal challenge. Divergent desaturase functions thus play distinct roles in lipid remodeling and contribute to climate resilience in freshwater zooplankton.