The Rice-Microbe Nexus: Unlocking Productivity Through Soil Science.

Rice is a staple crop and a primary food source for nearly half of the global population. Its cultivation is heavily dependent on irrigation systems, which is crucial in determining productivity. Beyond irrigation, the genetic characteristic of rice significantly influences its growth, resilience, and yield. These factors are closely connected to the soil microbiome within the rhizosphere, where interactions between plants, soil, and microbes occur, ultimately affecting agricultural outcomes. Different rice genotypes and agricultural practices shape soil microbiomes uniquely, impacting crop resilience and yield. Additionally, the growth stage of rice influences root exudation patterns, which in turn affects the composition and functionality of the rhizospheric microbiome. As the plant matures, the quantity and quality of root exudates evolve alongside its physiological changes, further modifying microbial communities in the surrounding soil. This review explores the complex interplay among irrigation strategies, rice genotypes, and growth phases, examining their collective impact on soil microbial diversity, offering insights into leveraging soil microbiomes for sustainable crop management and enhanced production. In addition it also highlights biotechnological tools and approaches that may be utilized in sustainable rice farming.