Stoichiometric perovskites as new class supports for Fe and Co in Fischer Tropsch Synthesis: A review

Direct hydrogenation of CO₂ to produce low-carbon footprint chemicals using multifunctional catalysts is among the most practical approaches to CO₂ utilisation. Iron (Fe) and Cobalt (Co) catalysts are widely used in Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) due to their high activity and selectivity, however, their performance is significantly influenced by the choice of support material. Due to their unique structural stability, tunable redox properties, strong metal-support interactions, perovskites are used in a wide range of gas-solid reactions and have emerged as promising supports in FTS. Recent studies show that the perovskite's A- and B-site cation selection, critically affects the reducibility and dispersion of the active phase, thereby impacting the FTS activity and selectivity. Furthermore, the lattice oxygen in stoichiometric perovskites can modulate the surface chemistry, thus influencing the adsorption and activation of CO or CO₂, and the hydrocarbon chain propagation. Emerging research have explored doping with high valence state elements to introduce charge imbalance to improve oxygen mobility, catalyst stability and enhance theexsolution of Co⁰ and Fe⁰ under H₂, thus increasing active site density and catalyst activity. This review highlights the role of stoichiometric perovskites as functionally supportive scaffolds in FTS (both CO and CO₂ hydrogenation), offering pathways to design robust, high-performance cobalt and iron catalysts for synthetic fuel production. The structural evolutions and thermochemical behaviour are discussed with respect to additional cations incorporated into the new class perovskites support lattice. The mechanisms governing this reaction are outlined; and finally, the current state of research on perovskite-supported catalysts in FTS is discussed.