Evolution of clogging in porous media during artificial groundwater recharge: A review

The evolution of clogging in porous media during artificial groundwater recharge (AGWR) is a critical factor influencing the long-term efficiency and sustainability of groundwater recharge systems. Clogging, which results from the accumulation of physical, chemical, and biological materials within the pore spaces of aquifers, can significantly reduce recharging rates and damage the system’s performance. This review explores the mechanisms and progression of clogging in porous media, focusing on key contributors such as the deposition of suspended particles, microbial biofilm formation, chemical precipitation, gas entrapment and other parameters. The interplay of hydrogeochemical conditions, including pH, ionic composition, and redox potential, further influences clogging dynamics. Furthermore, the review highlights the role of operational parameters such as injection rates and water quality, in exacerbating clogging. Advanced monitoring techniques, predictive modelling, and preventive strategies, including pre-treatment of recharge water and periodic maintenance are emphasized as essential tools to manage clogging evolution. By understanding the temporal and spatial progression of clogging, optimized AGWR systems can be designed to enhance recharge efficiency and ensure sustainable groundwater management. This study underscores the need for integrated approaches that address the multifaceted nature of clogging to improve the resilience and effectiveness of AGWR systems globally.