{"title":"大麻性别和大麻素化学型的早期检测：印度土著种质的SCAR标记验证。","authors":"Yash Pandey, Trishna Chaturvedi, Nivedita Singh, Anil Kumar Gupta, Karuna Shanker, Gunjan Tiwari","doi":"10.1007/s10528-025-11166-4","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cannabis sativa is a versatile crop of immense industrial and medicinal value, cultivated for its fiber, seeds, and especially for its bioactive cannabinoids, yet early identification of sex and chemotype remains challenging due to delayed morphological differentiation and limited cannabinoid accumulation during early growth. This study validated reproducible DNA markers for early selection in Indian cannabis germplasm. For sex determination, i.e., three Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) markers-SCAR119, SCAR323, and the Male-Associated DNA Clone 2 (MADC2), were evaluated. The MADC2 marker reliably amplified a 390 bp fragment in male plants, whereas most female plants exhibited 560 bp and 870 bp bands. This strong correlation between MADC2 genotypes and phenotypic sex underscores its utility for early sex identification, which is critical for maximizing cannabinoid yield by preventing unwanted pollination. In parallel, chemotype-specific markers were assessed to predict cannabinoid profiles. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), plants were classified into three chemotypes based on THCA: CBDA ratios: THC-dominant, intermediate, and CBD-dominant. The dominant marker D589 was associated with THC biosynthesis, while the co-dominant marker B1080/B1192 provided refined differentiation between chemotypes by detecting allelic variations in cannabinoid synthase genes. Cloning and sequence analysis of these markers revealed significant similarity to known genomic regions involved in cannabinoid production. In summary, the validated SCAR markers enable early and accurate identification of sex and cannabinoid chemotype in Cannabis sativa. These tools offer substantial benefits for marker-assisted breeding, regulatory compliance (e.g., maintaining THC levels below 0.3% for hemp), and optimizing cultivation practices for both industrial and pharmaceutical applications in India.</p>","PeriodicalId":482,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Genetics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Early Detection of Sex and Cannabinoid Chemotypes in Cannabis sativa: SCAR Marker Validation in Indigenous Indian Germplasm.\",\"authors\":\"Yash Pandey, Trishna Chaturvedi, Nivedita Singh, Anil Kumar Gupta, Karuna Shanker, Gunjan Tiwari\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10528-025-11166-4\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p>Cannabis sativa is a versatile crop of immense industrial and medicinal value, cultivated for its fiber, seeds, and especially for its bioactive cannabinoids, yet early identification of sex and chemotype remains challenging due to delayed morphological differentiation and limited cannabinoid accumulation during early growth. This study validated reproducible DNA markers for early selection in Indian cannabis germplasm. For sex determination, i.e., three Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) markers-SCAR119, SCAR323, and the Male-Associated DNA Clone 2 (MADC2), were evaluated. The MADC2 marker reliably amplified a 390 bp fragment in male plants, whereas most female plants exhibited 560 bp and 870 bp bands. This strong correlation between MADC2 genotypes and phenotypic sex underscores its utility for early sex identification, which is critical for maximizing cannabinoid yield by preventing unwanted pollination. In parallel, chemotype-specific markers were assessed to predict cannabinoid profiles. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), plants were classified into three chemotypes based on THCA: CBDA ratios: THC-dominant, intermediate, and CBD-dominant. The dominant marker D589 was associated with THC biosynthesis, while the co-dominant marker B1080/B1192 provided refined differentiation between chemotypes by detecting allelic variations in cannabinoid synthase genes. Cloning and sequence analysis of these markers revealed significant similarity to known genomic regions involved in cannabinoid production. In summary, the validated SCAR markers enable early and accurate identification of sex and cannabinoid chemotype in Cannabis sativa. These tools offer substantial benefits for marker-assisted breeding, regulatory compliance (e.g., maintaining THC levels below 0.3% for hemp), and optimizing cultivation practices for both industrial and pharmaceutical applications in India.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":482,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Biochemical Genetics\",\"volume\":\" \",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":1.6000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-06-19\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Biochemical Genetics\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"99\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10528-025-11166-4\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"生物学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q4\",\"JCRName\":\"BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Biochemical Genetics","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10528-025-11166-4","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Early Detection of Sex and Cannabinoid Chemotypes in Cannabis sativa: SCAR Marker Validation in Indigenous Indian Germplasm.
Cannabis sativa is a versatile crop of immense industrial and medicinal value, cultivated for its fiber, seeds, and especially for its bioactive cannabinoids, yet early identification of sex and chemotype remains challenging due to delayed morphological differentiation and limited cannabinoid accumulation during early growth. This study validated reproducible DNA markers for early selection in Indian cannabis germplasm. For sex determination, i.e., three Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) markers-SCAR119, SCAR323, and the Male-Associated DNA Clone 2 (MADC2), were evaluated. The MADC2 marker reliably amplified a 390 bp fragment in male plants, whereas most female plants exhibited 560 bp and 870 bp bands. This strong correlation between MADC2 genotypes and phenotypic sex underscores its utility for early sex identification, which is critical for maximizing cannabinoid yield by preventing unwanted pollination. In parallel, chemotype-specific markers were assessed to predict cannabinoid profiles. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), plants were classified into three chemotypes based on THCA: CBDA ratios: THC-dominant, intermediate, and CBD-dominant. The dominant marker D589 was associated with THC biosynthesis, while the co-dominant marker B1080/B1192 provided refined differentiation between chemotypes by detecting allelic variations in cannabinoid synthase genes. Cloning and sequence analysis of these markers revealed significant similarity to known genomic regions involved in cannabinoid production. In summary, the validated SCAR markers enable early and accurate identification of sex and cannabinoid chemotype in Cannabis sativa. These tools offer substantial benefits for marker-assisted breeding, regulatory compliance (e.g., maintaining THC levels below 0.3% for hemp), and optimizing cultivation practices for both industrial and pharmaceutical applications in India.
期刊介绍：
Biochemical Genetics welcomes original manuscripts that address and test clear scientific hypotheses, are directed to a broad scientific audience, and clearly contribute to the advancement of the field through the use of sound sampling or experimental design, reliable analytical methodologies and robust statistical analyses.
Although studies focusing on particular regions and target organisms are welcome, it is not the journal’s goal to publish essentially descriptive studies that provide results with narrow applicability, or are based on very small samples or pseudoreplication.
Rather, Biochemical Genetics welcomes review articles that go beyond summarizing previous publications and create added value through the systematic analysis and critique of the current state of knowledge or by conducting meta-analyses.
Methodological articles are also within the scope of Biological Genetics, particularly when new laboratory techniques or computational approaches are fully described and thoroughly compared with the existing benchmark methods.
Biochemical Genetics welcomes articles on the following topics: Genomics; Proteomics; Population genetics; Phylogenetics; Metagenomics; Microbial genetics; Genetics and evolution of wild and cultivated plants; Animal genetics and evolution; Human genetics and evolution; Genetic disorders; Genetic markers of diseases; Gene technology and therapy; Experimental and analytical methods; Statistical and computational methods.
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