Cellular Automaton simulation of grain and sub-grain evolution with eutectic growth in laser scanned and rescanned Al–10Si, with experimental validation

This study presents a three-dimensional Cellular Automaton (3D CA) model incorporating eutectic growth mechanisms to simulate grain and sub-grain structure evolution in an additive manufacturing (AM) scenario, with surface laser rescanning of Al–10Si alloy as a case study. Unlike conventional CA models in AM, this work introduces a eutectic solidification framework within the CA approach, allowing dynamical transitions between dendritic and eutectic growth modes based on local thermal and solute conditions. The CA model integrates finite element analysis (FEA)-derived thermal data, solute redistribution tracking, nucleation behaviors, and growth kinetics under rapid solidification conditions in laser scanning and rescanning. The simulation results predict key microstructural phenomena, including dendritic-to-eutectic transitions, grain refinement resulting from laser rescanning, and the formation of submicron-scale eutectic cellular structures. These findings have been rigorously validated against specimens fabricated via laser scanning AM. Overall, the developed CA model provides a robust predictive tool for understanding and optimizing microstructural evolution in AM processes, offering valuable insights for tailoring processing parameters and alloy compositions to achieve desirable mechanical properties in Al–10Si and other alloy systems.