Water security through next-generation surface-engineered membrane technologies for heavy metal removal

Industrialization and wastewater discharge have intensified global clean water scarcity, posing significant threats to human health and ecosystems. Heavy metal contamination, in particular, demands urgent mitigation, making membrane separation technologies critical solutions. However, conventional membranes are often limited by fouling, poor selectivity, and inadequate durability. This review highlights recent advancements in membrane technology for heavy metal sequestration, emphasizing the importance of innovative separation techniques. Key innovations in membrane properties—such as permeability, selectivity, fouling resistance, hydrophilicity, porosity, chemical resistance, and surface charge—are discussed, with a focus on improvements achieved through structural design and surface engineering. A range of membrane types are covered, including polymeric, ceramic, and composite membranes. Modification techniques such as functionalization, coating, doping, and grafting are examined for their roles in enhancing membrane performance for heavy metal removal. Additionally, the review explores strategies for membrane regeneration, fabrication techniques, as well as current challenges and future perspectives. Overall, this comprehensive assessment underscores the transformative potential of advanced membrane technologies in developing next-generation solutions for efficient and sustainable heavy metal removal from water.