Green synthesis of Nigella sativa-mediated silver nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial activity and wound healing: Mechanistic insights and biomedical applications

This study demonstrates an eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using chloroform extract of Nigella sativa seeds (CENSS) for combating bacterial infections and accelerating wound repair. The work highlights the dual therapeutic potential of CENSS-AgNPs through rigorous physicochemical, biological, and mechanistic analyses. The stable AgNPs was formed because of the transformation of silver ions by the CENSS. These NPs were thoroughly characterized using various physiochemical parameters. The biosynthesized CENSS-AgNPs demonstrated substantial antibacterial activity as indicated by the prominent inhibition areas observed on the agar plates. These are prominent bacteria which play significant roles in both human health and disease. Cytotoxicity assessment on human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) revealed dose-dependent effects, with CENSS-AgNPs demonstrating feasible in wound healing by hastening scratch closure and enhancing cell migration. Furthermore, the protein expression analysis explored that CENSS-AgNPs stimulated the expression levels of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which are crucial for wound repair. Over all, this study underscores the therapeutic promise of CENSS-mediated AgNPs in combating infections and promoting tissue regeneration, suggesting their prospective utility in advanced wound care and biomedical fields. Further exploration of their biological mechanisms and clinical applications is warranted to harness their full therapeutic potential.