The 30-100 patrilineal nomenclature system for eastern Eurasian populations.

Due to the universality of human patrilineal societies, strict adherence to the patrilineal inheritance law, and a relatively fast mutation rate (about one new branch every 70 years), the non-recombining region of the human Y-chromosome (NRY) can rapidly accumulate specific patrilineal branches that are specific to certain region, population, family, and family branch, making the Y-chromosome one of the powerful tools for studying the evolutionary history of human populations. However, early studies typically only included a limited number of SNP loci, and the classification systems in different articles varied, resulting in insufficient resolution for the evolutionary process of populations. Since 2015, with the rapid accumulation of whole-genome sequence data, the resolution of the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree at the population level has approached its limit. In this study, we analyze the relevant research on the human Y chromosome in the past 30 years. Based on the currently highly detailed data, we identify 50 major patrilineal types or founder patrilineal types that are directly related to the origin and evolution of 16 population groups in eastern Eurasia. Furthermore, we construct a 30-100 classification system that is compatible with the diverse traditional classification systems in the past 30 years and the current most detailed phylogenies. This system takes into account both the macroscopic genetic structure of eastern Eurasian populations over a timescale of tens of thousands of years and the specific lineages directly related to the several-thousand-year history of modern ethnic groups, laying the foundation for more precise studies of the evolutionary process of ancient and modern populations in the future.