Local-scale impacts of mangrove restoration and conservation on coastal communities in two Vietnamese deltas: Socio-economic and institutional dynamics

This study investigates the nuanced local-scale impacts of mangrove restoration and conservation efforts on coastal communities in Vietnam's Mekong and Red River deltas, focusing on socio-economic dynamics and institutional frameworks. Employing a mixed-methods approach, data was systematically collected through focus group discussions and in-depth key informant interviews, at various administrative levels. The findings reveal the key role of mangroves in enhancing livelihoods, economic resilience, and community well-being. In integrated systems, mangroves boost aquaculture yields and provide additional income through activities such as seafood foraging, while also contributing to recreation and social cohesion. Despite these benefits, challenges persist, including concerns about sustainability, market access, and regulatory barriers. Governance issues, such as inconsistent enforcement of the Forestry Law and unauthorised aquaculture conversion, highlight the need for more transparent and effective management. Historically, Vietnamese policies have put a greater emphasis on development rather than long-term ecosystem health, yet current trends show a shift towards prioritising mangrove conservation. Effective mangrove management requires an inclusive, ecosystem-based approach that addresses conflicting interests and institutional dynamics. Community perspectives reveal the necessity for equitable benefit distribution and active participation in decision-making. Future research should focus on integrated strategies for mangrove restoration and community development, including creating conservation-related job opportunities to enhance monitoring efforts and support sustainable management.