Design of Steel Plate Concrete (SC) Walls with Cross-ties Under Out-of-plane Forces

guidelines for predicting the capacity of Steel Plate – Concrete (SC) walls under out-of-plane forces are explained and proposed. A detailed explanation of the behavior of SC walls and their modes of failure is also included. An SC wall under out-of-plane forces could reach a desired failure mechanism such as flexure or shear only if the composite action between the steel plate and concrete is sufficient. Otherwise, debonding, the failure mechanism associated with composite action, could govern. A design equation is derived to predict the composite action capacity accurately. The design guidelines and the proposed equation is validated using an experimental database of eight SC beams under varying ratios, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, transverse reinforcement ratio, and concrete strength. Systematic comparison between test results and proposed design guidelines are conducted and showed the proposed method has high accuracy and safety compared to existing method. The research outcome clarifies the interaction between flexural capacity, shear capacity and provide efficient methods for practical designers for conventional SC composite walls and also steel-Ultra high performance concrete composite walls.