{"title":"农场客工：美国的经验","authors":"Philip Martin","doi":"10.1002/app5.70035","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>The US was one of the first countries to develop farm guest worker programs with Bracero programs during WWI and WWII outside regular immigration laws, followed by the H-2(A) farm guest worker programme included in immigration law in the 1950s. The US tried to legalise the farm workforce in the mid-1980s, but wound up spreading unauthorized workers throughout US agriculture and the nonfarm economy. Fewer unauthorized farm workers arrived after the 2008–09 recession, which helped the H-2A programme quadrupled to 400,000 jobs over the past decade, so that guest workers fill 20 percent of average US crop employment. The farm labour market is at a crossroads, and is considering options that include labour-saving machines, aids to raise productivity and H-2A workers, and changing to non-labour-intensive crops and importing labour-more intensive commodities from lower-wage countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":45839,"journal":{"name":"Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies","volume":"12 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/app5.70035","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Farm Guest Workers: US Experience\",\"authors\":\"Philip Martin\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/app5.70035\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p>The US was one of the first countries to develop farm guest worker programs with Bracero programs during WWI and WWII outside regular immigration laws, followed by the H-2(A) farm guest worker programme included in immigration law in the 1950s. The US tried to legalise the farm workforce in the mid-1980s, but wound up spreading unauthorized workers throughout US agriculture and the nonfarm economy. Fewer unauthorized farm workers arrived after the 2008–09 recession, which helped the H-2A programme quadrupled to 400,000 jobs over the past decade, so that guest workers fill 20 percent of average US crop employment. The farm labour market is at a crossroads, and is considering options that include labour-saving machines, aids to raise productivity and H-2A workers, and changing to non-labour-intensive crops and importing labour-more intensive commodities from lower-wage countries.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":45839,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies\",\"volume\":\"12 3\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":1.4000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-06-14\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/app5.70035\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"90\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app5.70035\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"社会学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"AREA STUDIES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies","FirstCategoryId":"90","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app5.70035","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"AREA STUDIES","Score":null,"Total":0}
The US was one of the first countries to develop farm guest worker programs with Bracero programs during WWI and WWII outside regular immigration laws, followed by the H-2(A) farm guest worker programme included in immigration law in the 1950s. The US tried to legalise the farm workforce in the mid-1980s, but wound up spreading unauthorized workers throughout US agriculture and the nonfarm economy. Fewer unauthorized farm workers arrived after the 2008–09 recession, which helped the H-2A programme quadrupled to 400,000 jobs over the past decade, so that guest workers fill 20 percent of average US crop employment. The farm labour market is at a crossroads, and is considering options that include labour-saving machines, aids to raise productivity and H-2A workers, and changing to non-labour-intensive crops and importing labour-more intensive commodities from lower-wage countries.
期刊介绍：
Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies is the flagship journal of the Crawford School of Public Policy at The Australian National University. It is a peer-reviewed journal that targets research in policy studies in Australia, Asia and the Pacific, across a discipline focus that includes economics, political science, governance, development and the environment. Specific themes of recent interest include health and education, aid, migration, inequality, poverty reduction, energy, climate and the environment, food policy, public administration, the role of the private sector in public policy, trade, foreign policy, natural resource management and development policy. Papers on a range of topics that speak to various disciplines, the region and policy makers are encouraged. The goal of the journal is to break down barriers across disciplines, and generate policy impact. Submissions will be reviewed on the basis of content, policy relevance and readability.
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