Micro-LED Microdisplays Driven by Carbon Nanotube Active-Matrix Backplanes

Micro-light-emitting-diodes (μLEDs) are poised to revolutionize flat-panel display (FPD) technology with their exceptional brightness, contrast ratio, energy efficiency, and ultrahigh resolutions, making them indispensable for augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) microdisplays. However, the realization of high pixel-per-inch (PPI) μLED microdisplays demands advanced thin-film transistor (TFT) backplanes with robust driving capabilities. Presently, single-crystalline silicon CMOS dominates the industry for this application, but its nontransparent nature, wafer size limitations, and high fabrication cost restrict its scalability. Alternative technologies, including low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) and metal oxide semiconductors, fail to deliver the required small device dimensions, driving performance, and stability. Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have shown potential, but their integration has faced challenges, such as complex transfer processes and limited scalability, resulting in only semiactive-matrix display demonstrations. Here, we present a prototype active-matrix (AM) μLED microdisplay driven by optimized carbon nanotube (CNT) TFTs with Al₂O₃/SiO₂ gate dielectric stack and Y₂O₃/SiO₂/polyimide passivation layers. Our CNT TFTs with a channel length (L_ch) of 3 μm achieve a driving current of ∼10 μA/μm and a mobility of ∼27 cm²/(V·s), while scaling L_ch to 0.5 μm enhances the driving current to ∼80 μA/μm and a mobility of ∼40 cm²/(V·s), surpassing most previously reported CNT TFTs for AM displays and enabling AM-μLED microdisplays with a PPI up to 3400. Moreover, a heterogeneous integration process ultilizing flip-chip eutectic bonding was developed to assemble μLED arrays onto CNT TFT backplanes, achieving a yield of ∼100% aided by the PI layer. Furthermore, CNT TFT-based two-transistor, one-capacitor (2T1C) pixel-driving circuits and peripheral control circuits were designed to support both pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and pulse width modulation (PWM) of μLED operation. These advancements culminate in a 32 × 32-pixel AM-μLED prototype microdisplay with a PPI of 357, capable of dynamic image and video display. Our work demonstrates CNT TFTs as a viable and scalable solution for next-generation μLED microdisplays.