Protocolo diagnóstico de las aftas y las úlceras orales

This protocol presents a comprehensive review of the differential diagnosis of aphthous ulcers and oral ulcers, frequent and recurrent conditions that may manifest as single or multiple lesions on the oral mucosa. The diagnostic process, which includes a systemic case history, physical examination, and the necessary complementary tests, is described. Aphthae are classified as simple or complex, describing their distinctive characteristics and progress. This work discusses the main etiologies, including recurrent aphthous stomatitis, viral and bacterial infections, neoplasms, systemic autoimmune diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, nutritional deficits, and pharmacological reactions. The importance of a differential diagnosis to identify the underlying cause is emphasized, especially in cases of complex aphthae that may be the initial manifestation of systemic diseases such as Behçet's disease or inflammatory bowel disease.