Advancements in human health risk, detection and bioremediation of bacterial contaminants in water: A review

Worldwide, the bacterial pollution in drinking water constitutes a major concern to human health. Bacterial infections by Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Legionella pneumophila, can cause serious diseases, and their propensity to multiply swiftly in aquatic environments amplifies the risk. The vulnerable populations, including children and the elderly, are particularly prone to waterborne illnesses. Bacteria having pathogenic potential reproduce rapidly and this will increase risk of human health. In addition to this, many bacterial pathogens produce that have negative health effects resulting in severe illness, organ damage, and even lead to the death of a human being. The advances in detection and disinfection technologies, including quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), metagenomics, and molecular diagnostic approaches, have boosted pathogen surveillance. Control techniques, such as membrane filtration, advanced oxidation processes, and bioremediation, offer viable options. This review addresses the entry and survival processes of bacterial pathogens in water, related health risks, and new technological breakthroughs in microbial abatement. Through microbial bioremediation technology, this study delives a comprehensive understanding of bacterial contamination in water and offers useful insights for policymakers, water management authorities, and public health specialists. Therefore, the development of a rapid detection and control strategy for water contaminants might lead to the necessity of coordinated measures to protect water quality for public health concerns.