Effect of different types of coffee consumption on the risk of cardiovascular complications and related mortality events in prediabetes: an analysis from NHANES.

Background and aims: This study aimed to investigate the association of different types of coffee consumption on mortality, cardiovascular outcomes and prevalence in adults with prediabetes.

Methods and results: This study included 5979 patients with prediabetes from the 2003-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) who had follow-up information. Mortality status was obtained from the National Mortality Record (NMR). A total of 748 deaths were recorded in patients with follow-up prediabetes, including 250 cardiovascular causes of death. The coffee consumption of NHANES participants was assessed using the first 24-h dietary recall interview. Among the patients with prediabetes during follow-up, there were significant survival differences between the three levels of total coffee, sugar-free coffee, and caffeinated coffee consumption (log-rank test, p < 0.05). Only for sugar-sweetened coffee consumption were there significant survival differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality across the three levels (log-rank test, p < 0.001). After multivariable adjustment, when comparing the lowest and highest consumption categories of different types of coffee, the hazard ratio for all-cause mortality among patients with prediabetes for total coffee consumption was 0.68 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.55-0.85). Consumption of sugar-sweetened, sugar-free, full-fat, and fat-free coffee was negatively associated with the risk of all-cause mortality among patients with prediabetes (p < 0.05). Similar results were observed between individual types of coffee consumption and CVD mortality. Additionally, the hazard ratio for CVD mortality among patients with prediabetes for caffeinated coffee consumption was 0.47 (95% CI: 0.27-0.80). Full-fat coffee consumption was negatively associated with the prevalence risk of CVD among patients with prediabetes (OR: 0.0002, 95 % CI: 0.00-0.001, p for trend = 1.91).

Conclusions: In adult patients with prediabetes, different types of coffee consumption showed varying associations with all-cause mortality, CVD outcomes, and prevalence. Higher consumption of coffee, sugar-sweetened coffee, sugar-free coffee, full-fat coffee, and fat-free coffee was associated with reduced all-cause mortality and CVD mortality in patients with prediabetes. Additionally, caffeinated coffee consumption was linked to a lower CVD mortality risk, and full-fat coffee consumption was associated with a reduced risk of CVD prevalence. These findings highlighted the potential role of choosing different types of coffee in managing the risk of CVD and premature mortality in adult patients with prediabetes.