Role of Histone Deacetylase and Inhibitors in Cardiovascular Diseases.

Histone deacetylase(HDAC) is Zn²⁺-dependent histone deacetylases that regulate the key signalling pathways involved in gene transcription. 11 isoforms have been identified. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that HDACs are involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and play important roles in cell proliferation, differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism. In terms of physiological mechanisms, HDAC1-6 may play important roles in normal cardiac development and physiological function, while HDAC7 regulates angiogenesis. In pathological processes, class I HDACs function as pro-hypertrophic mediators, whereas class II HDACs act as anti-hypertrophic mediators. HDAC1-3, 6, 9, and 11 participate in lipid cell formation, oxidative stress and endothelial cell injury through multiple signalling pathways, contributing to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In addition, HDACs also play a role in CVDs such as heart failure, myocardial fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension and diabetic cardiomyopathy. In view of this, we reviewed the regulatory pathways and molecular targets of HDACs in the pathogenesis of CVD. In addition, we summarise the current discovery of inhibitors targeting HDACs. HDAC inhibitors have shown promising therapeutic progress in animal experiments, but clinical trials to demonstrate their efficacy in humans are still lacking. A better understanding of the role of HDACs in CVD provides a new direction for the development of therapeutic interventions and holds significant research value.