Electrically conductive nanomaterial-enhanced membranes for wastewater reclamation: mechanisms and performance insights

The incorporation of nanomaterials with electrical conductivity into membrane technology is leading to the development of numerous novel strategies towards wastewater reclamation. The probable utility and mechanisms of membrane functionalized with conductive nanomaterials are examined in this critical review. Carbon nanotubes, graphene, and metal oxides are some of the prime examples of conductive nanomaterials that are typically added to improve the permeability, selectivity, and antifouling capabilities of membranes along with imbuing novel functionalities like electrochemical and photocatalytic activities. Functionalization and manufacturing methods, including in situ polymerization, chemical grafting, and physical blending, are covered in this review. The recent literature indicates several noteworthy advancements in this area, such as eliminating microbiological infections, heavy metal ions, organic contaminants, and developing pollutants. The review also discusses economic and environmental factors, highlighting the affordability of these sophisticated membranes and the sustainability of nanomaterial production.