Recent Advances in Ammonia Decomposition Technologies for Hydrogen Production

Ammonia (NH₃) is increasingly recognized as a promising hydrogen (H₂) carrier due to its high H₂ content, ease of liquefaction, and existing distribution infrastructure. This review focuses on the decomposition of NH₃ for H₂ production, a process that holds significant potential for increasing energy resiliency. It examines the latest developments in NH₃ decomposition technologies, including catalytic and non-catalytic methods. Special attention is given to the advancements in catalyst design, particularly those involving cost-effective and abundant materials that improve reaction kinetics and efficiency. The review also explores innovative approaches, such as plasma-assisted, electrocatalytic, and photocatalytic decomposition, which offer alternative routes for H₂ generation. By assessment of the performance, scalability, and economical feasibility of these technologies, the review aims to highlight the challenges and opportunities in utilizing NH₃ as an energy vector. Furthermore, it outlines future research directions necessary to overcome current limitations and to facilitate the integration of NH₃ decomposition into the broader H₂ economy, ultimately contributing to a resilient energy future.