Nanozymes in Parkinson's disease: strategic approaches, clinical considerations, and challenges

Parkinson's disease (PD) poses a formidable neurodegenerative challenge, particularly with a burgeoning aging demographic. The pathological hallmarks of PD—the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and formation of Lewy bodies from α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregates—underscore the need for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Nanozymes, with their enzyme-like activities and antioxidant features, offer a triad of benefits: early biomarker diagnosis, penetration of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) for targeted delivery, and intervention in core pathological mechanisms. This review navigates the strategic application of nanozymes in PD, evaluating their clinical potential against the backdrop of existing challenges. We explore their role in identifying early biomarkers, facilitating targeted drug delivery across the BBB, and addressing the central pathogenic processes of PD. The discussion concludes with considering the hurdles in integrating nanozymes into clinical practice and prospects for future development.