Ethnopharmacology and antidiabetic potential of flavonoid-rich Krambe kotschayana: Integrative preclinical and in silico profiling.

The Kinnaur tribe has traditionally employed CrambekotschayanaBoiss. for treating jaundice and fever, yet itspotential as an antidiabetic agent has not been examined. This research assesses the antioxidant properties, carbohydrate enzyme blocking, and antidiabetic impacts of its methanol extract (CKME) in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats, as well as liver histopathological changes. Ethnobotanical studies found 17 medicinal plants utilized for managing diabetes. CKME, abundant in phenolics and flavonoids, featured rutin and isorhamnetin-3,7-diglucoside(LCMS/MS) along with vital minerals (WDXRF). It effectively inhibited α-glycosidase (IC50: 110.03 ± 0.615 μg/ml) and markedly lowered blood glucose (p < 0.001), improved lipid profiles, and boosted liver function at 400 mg/kg over 21 days. CKME reduced serum urea, uric acid, creatinine, ALT, and ALP, suggesting protective benefits for the liver and kidneys. Results endorse the traditional application of C. kotschayana in managing diabetes and promoting liver health, necessitating additional research to clarify its bioactive mechanisms.